Differences Between 20 Gauge and 12 Gauge Shotguns
Getting into firearms can be daunting at first, especially with the many categories and subtypes available. Shotguns are a popular type of firearm, but there are so many options within this category that you can easily become overwhelmed with choices. You may have heard about two common shotgun options: 20 gauge and 12 gauge. However, it’s hard to know which is best for you if you don’t know the difference between them.
At Shoppers Supply, we’re here to help. We created this in-depth article detailing the difference between 12 gauge shotgun and 20 gauge to help you make informed decisions. Whether you’re a seasoned firearms enthusiast or a total beginner, this resource can help you choose the best shotgun based on your needs and preferences.
Understanding Shotgun Gauges
Most conventional firearms, like rifles and handguns, are measured in millimeters or inches. We measure the bore — which is the barrel’s interior — based on its diameter. So, a .45 caliber has a bore diameter of 0.45 inches.
Shotguns follow an older measurement system. Instead of the diameter, the gauge measures the number of lead balls or pellets of the bore diameter needed to reach one pound. A 12 gauge shotgun, for example, requires 12 lead balls of the bore diameter to make up one pound. In the same way, a 20 gauge shotgun will need 20 lead balls of its diameter to reach one pound. In effect, a lower gauge number means a higher diameter and vice versa.
Each gauge has its own characteristics and applications. Some are better for performance shooting, while others are ideal for hunting. Knowing how a specific gauge works can help you find the right one to fit your shooting needs.
Two Most Popular Options: 12 Gauge and 20 Gauge
These two variations are popular for a few reasons. First, they have versatile applications that make them excellent all-rounders. Plus, 12 and 20 gauge shotguns are suitable for those who want a balance of power and maneuverability.
12 Gauge
- A versatile option that allows you to handle a wide range of loads, from heavy slugs to light birdshot
- Dense shot pattern that delivers significant firepower, effective for larger game and long-range shooting
20 Gauge
- Less powerful recoil provides more control and comfort, especially for beginners and small-framed individuals
- A lightweight shotgun that is easy to maneuver or carry around
- Well-suited for bird hunting and small-game hunting, offering adequate power without too much damage
Other Gauges Available
20 gauge and 12-gauge shotguns are just two types available. Depending on your specific needs or use, here are some other variations you can try.
10 Gauge
The largest shotgun widely available on the market is the 10 gauge, which has a bore measuring 0.775 inches. This variation has the highest power potential, making it popular for hunting big game. Along with the power comes a heavy recoil, making it less suitable for beginners.
16 Gauge
With a 0.685-inch bore diameter, the 16 gauge shotgun serves as a middle-ground for those who have trouble choosing between 12 and 20 gauge shotguns. The moderate recoil and power make this variation popular for hunting upland birds.
28 Gauge
After 20 gauge comes the 28 gauge shotgun. This type has the second lowest diameter in standard shotgun sizes, making it suitable for small game and skeeting. While the 28 gauge shotgun has less power than the others, it’s still a substantial firearm for its intended uses.
.410 Bore
As the name implies, this variation has a bore diameter that’s only 0.410 inches. This type is the smallest standard shotgun gauge, making it suitable for small game and pest control. Absolute beginners may enjoy starting with the .410 bore shotgun thanks to its low recoil. The .410 is also a commonly used a variety of handguns as well as rifles.
Difference Between 12 Gauge and 20 Gauge: Comparing Capabilities
Before committing to either the 12 gauge or 20 gauge shotguns, you should understand the key differences that affect their usability and performance. There are a few factors to keep in mind, such as the following.
Power
When it comes to power and performance, a lower gauge will take the upper hand. The 12 gauge shotgun is the clear winner in this case. Given the heavier and bigger pellets, the power and performance are more significant compared to a 20 gauge shotgun. This makes the 12 gauge firearm more suitable for long-range shooting and larger targets. Plus, the 12 gauge shotgun can handle more types of loads, including heavy magnum shells.
20 gauge shotguns still pack some punch. However, you’ll find them better for small game and short-range shooting.
Recoil
Another major factor is the shotgun’s recoil, which affects shoot ability. The more powerful 12 gauge will have more substantial recoil. As such, this size can be more challenging for beginners and people with smaller frames. On the other hand, a 20 gauge shotgun is much easier to manage. While still not the type with the lightest recoil, the 20 gauge is comfortable enough for most beginners. Its recoil is less punishing, making it ideal for those learning the force and sensation of firing a shotgun.
Flexibility in Use
Between the 12 gauge and 20 gauge variations, the former is generally the more versatile firearm. The added power doesn’t limit the 12 gauge applications to big-game hunting. You can utilize it for shooting sports and even home defense. Plus, this firearm can handle various ammunition types, giving you more options.
On the other hand, the 20 gauge shotgun has a more specialized use. You’ll find it handy for small game hunting and upland bird hunting. This gauge may not have adequate power for more demanding applications.
Shot Pattern
Unlike firearms that use single bullets that make single holes in their targets, shotguns have a shot pattern. This pattern refers to how the pellets spread, which can vary depending on the gauge. A 12 gauge would usually have a tighter, more dense pattern because of the large number of pellets it can fire. This characteristic makes it suitable for long-range shooting compared to the 20 gauge firearm.
Meanwhile, the 20 gauge shotgun’s pattern is more spread out. This characteristic makes it better for short-range shooting as it increases the chances of hitting the target.
Availability of Ammunition
One more consideration to keep in mind is ammunition availability. In this regard, the 12 gauge wins because its ammunition is more readily available. There is a wide range of load options, whether you need defensive slugs, light target loads, or specialized hunting rounds. The 20 gauge still has a wide variety of ammunition types available, but the options may be more limited than the other type. If you need specialized ammunition, such as large buckshot, you may not find an option suitable for the 20 gauge.
Specific Use Cases for Each Type
Aside from comparing the unique characteristics, we also want to discuss in-depth how each gauge may be used in key scenarios.
For Hunting
- The 12 gauge shotgun is generally more suitable for bigger game, such as waterfowl, turkey and even deer. The power and range make it a good pick for hunting large animals. You achieve a quick, clean, and humane kill thanks to the shotgun’s pattern and power.
- If you want to hunt upland birds and smaller mammals, 20 gauge is the most suitable choice. The lower power still provides a clean kill without being too destructive on the meat. With the right ammunition, you can use the 20 gauge shotgun for turkey hunting as well.
For Home Defense
Both the 12 and 20 gauge shotguns are suitable for home defense. The 12 gauge is popular thanks to its stopping power, making it ideal for hostile elements. However, the 20 gauge is still capable of stopping home invaders. Additionally, the 20 gauge is more manageable, so even those who may not have lots of experience with this firearm often find the 20 gauge easier to use, especially during emergencies.
For Shooting Sports
The 12 gauge remains one of the most popular options for various shooting sports. This variation is a versatile firearm for skeet, trap, and sporting clays. The denser pattern helps increase accuracy, even with long-range targets. The 20 gauge has more niche sporting applications, such as sub-gauge events.
Which Gauge Is More Suitable for Beginners?
We recommend the 20 gauge shotguns for beginners for the following characteristics.
- Lighter Firearm: A lighter firearm offers easy maneuverability for those who are just starting with shotguns. Those with smaller frames and younger shooters will find this firearm easier to carry.
- More Manageable Recoil: Compared to the 12 gauge, 20 gauge shotguns have a lighter recoil. It’s easier to build confidence with shotguns when you start with something you can easily control after firing. You can focus more on form and accuracy instead of managing the recoil.
- Adequate Power: The 20 gauge is not as powerful as the 12 gauge, but it’s still powerful enough for an array of applications.
- Added Versatility: While the 12 gauge allows you to hunt bigger game, most beginners usually start with smaller animals, making the 20 gauge more suitable. You can also use this size for home defense as well as shooting sports.
Wrapping Up: Choosing Between 20 Gauge and 12 Gauge Shotguns
Selecting your choice firearm ultimately depends on you. Those who are more familiar with using shotguns will find the 12 gauge more versatile and powerful, offering utility in an array of scenarios and hobbies. On the other hand, a 20 gauge is the ideal choice for beginners. The lighter recoil and smaller size provide ease of use and maneuverability, helping newbies perfect their form and accuracy before moving to the big guns.
Thinking of shopping for a quality shotgun? Shoppers Supply feed and supply store and our other stores have firearms of various gauges. Visit the Arizona ‘gun store near me‘ and find what you need.
FAQs
Which is more powerful, the 12 gauge or 20 gauge shotgun?
The 12 gauge is more powerful than the 20 gauge shotgun because of the larger payload capacity. This characteristic allows the shotgun to fire more shots or heavier slugs. Even so, the 20 gauge has adequate power for various applications.
Which shotgun is better for long-range shooting?
Thanks to the denser pattern, 12 gauge shotguns are better for long-range shooting. The pellets won’t spread out as much the further they fly out of the barrel, providing added accuracy.
Can I use a 20 gauge shotgun for home defense?
Yes. The 20 gauge shotgun has enough stopping power for home defense, making it an adequate firearm. Plus, the lighter recoil and weight make it an excellent choice for those who have family members who may not be confident with stronger gauges. The 20 gauge is easier to use and carry, especially during emergencies.
Are 8 gauge shotguns legal?
No. After the 10 gauge shotgun, anything lower is too powerful. These can cause significant damage, posing a major safety risk even for experienced shotgun users and hunters.
What are 12 gauge shotguns good for?
Using a 12 gauge shotgun gives you plenty of opportunities to try big-game hunting and various shooting sports. Plus, the firearm’s stopping power makes it ideal for home defense.